Why was the Indigenous Voice referendum lost?
Craig Turner, 14 October 2023
In memory of Dean Jaensch, 1936 - 2022.
Growing up in Adelaide, I was influenced by Dean Jaensch's commentary on
election nights and his appearances on radio. Later, I took his topics at
university.
I have not lived in Australia for more than fifteen years, but became
interested in the concept of The Voice after watching a replay of Anthony
Albanese's 2022 election-night speech.
Early this year I googled seeking to find what Dean Jaensch had to say
about The Voice and found that he had died last year.
I drafted this note in the week leading up to the referendum, when it
became obvious to me that the referendum would fail. I intended to publish
it as the results came in and confirmed my expectations.
In writing it, I have tried to live up the neutral tone of Jaensch,
although my main reviewer thinks I fell short in places.
Nevertheless, it is election night once more, and I dedicate this to the
memory of the late professor.
==
On 14 October 2023, Australia held a referendum on the matter "Indigenous
Voice." The measure was defeated.
In this paper, I will explain three themes that explain the outcome,
1. That the Yes side forfeited the debate.
2. That the proposed wording was poor.
3. That the proposed change would have been regressive.
Then, I will make some notes about the history of referendums in Australia.
1. The Yes side forfeited the debate
The Yes side promised that the voice would lead to better outcomes for
indigenous welfare, but was unable to evidence this claim due to the
constitution-first approach that Albanese had taken.
Albanese's process was for a change to the constitution that would be
followed by legislation to sort out details.
This left him unable to provide evidence for his claim of better
outcomes for indigenous people. When challenged about this lack of
evidence, he would distract.
His Minister for Indigenous Affairs refused to debate the woman
leading the No case, an indigenous woman who who hails from central
Australia.
When debate turned to the substance of the wording and its
consequences, campaigners steered discussion towards soft language -
for example - asking people to vote from the heart.
When No pointed out that there had been multiple attempts to create
voice-like bodies in Canberra, and that they had all failed, Yes
advocates had nothing to come back with.
In this way, the Yes group surrendered debate on matters of substance
that were crucial to its case.
Russell's teapot teaches us that it is the obligation of a person
making a claim to evidence that claim. Christopher Hitchens made the
same point when he said, "That which can be asserted without evidence
can be dismissed without evidence".
Instead of debating the substance, Yes campaigners sought to distract
from it.
This contributed to an environment of two sides talking past one
another.
Early in the campaign, Albanese had traction with an argument that
Indigenous Australians had asked for this change. Albanese framed himself
as a leader who was grounded in the spirit of the Uluru document, and
driving things to an outcome. During the campaign, this came undone.
The Uluru Statement as presented in the committee report is a single
page.
But key members of the Uluru Statement group had said that it was a
longer document. One source stated that the Uluru document had 15
pages (book by Davis&Anderson), another said 18 to 20 (speech by Megan
Davis).
Prominent Yes campaigners made claims in speeches that the powers
would be far-reaching, and talked of the voice as merely a first step
towards treaties and reparations.
Separately, Anthony Albanese gave a speech where he implied that the
powers of the new body would be substantial.
/No/ proponents collected and highlighted these quotes. This prompted
a journalist who opposed the measure to seek that longer document.
After filing a freedom-of-information application, she received the
document.
The long-form paper is itself 26 pages long, although the PDF I saw
was longer and also contained notes about the consultation process.
Having read this document on the internet, the journalist summarised
the themes of the text as "anger, grievance, separatism, and the need
to undo, as far as possible, the last 240 years of Australian
history".
The existence of this longer document undermined Albanese, who
understood the statement from the heart to be only the single page
presented in the referendum council report. He had not read the longer
document. He was attacked for this, and fought to reclaim the framing
of the Uluru document being the first page only.
Yes campaign activists recanted their claims to the authority of the
longer document. They stated that the Uluru Statement was the single
page version only. This was a difficult sell for those who were
contradicting earlier public remarks.
There was a recent photograph of Albanese at a pop concert wearing a
merchandise t-shirt stating "Voice Treaty Truth". His choice to wear
this may have been heartfelt or it may have been casual. In either
case, it played to the claims of No advocates that the Voice
referendum was only one part of a larger agenda that included Treaty
and a telling of history that radical activists would be happy to call
Truth.
The Yes campaign undermined its leader with this undeclared document.
Although the campaign disowned the larger document, it was hurt by
suggestions of a hidden agenda, by the activist tone of the Uluru
document, and by blindsiding Albanese.
These developments damaged the brand of the working group, and may
have damaged the brand of the Uluru statement.
All this undermined the value of Albanese's claim to be implementing
the will of a cross-section of Indigenous Australians, and to his
reassurances that the change was modest and limited.
Hence, the Uluru group created a difficult position for the Yes case.
The group was seen to have made certain claims. It was attacked by No
advocates for those claims. Yet, it avoided defending those claims
since it wanted to disown parts of the document for the purpose of the
campaign.
In this way, the Yes campaign surrendered this part of the debate.
Prominent Yes advocates hurt their cause by labelling No advocates as
racist without basis.
Yes campaign material was vacuous.
2. Poor design of the proposed wording
Branch-of-government uncertainty,
The authors of the Australian Constitution wrote it to a high
standard.
The definition of the voice's powers in the proposed wording are
somewhat contradictory. Its powers are mandated by the constitution -
yet - the wording says it is also mandated by parliament.
In this regard, the proposed text is below standard.
High court is forced into to judicial activism [1],
The prospect of High Court complications was a foreseeable threat to
the success of the referendum. Jurist Greg Craven was involved in
formation of the voice model and he has written extensively about
this, even being quoted against his wishes in No campaign material.
Had the vote been successful, it is inevitable that the open-ended
wording for the Voice's representations would have been tested in the
High Court of Australia.
Given the incentives (covered below), it is reasonable to expect this
to be an ongoing matter.
The branch-of-government matter above would need to be dealt with by
the High Court. A High Court bench with black-letter instincts might
give greater weight to the subject-to-parliament clause, increasing
the sense of certainty. Even if it did, that certainty would not be
final. A later High Court could overrule its earlier decision.
The design of the wording would have repeatedly pushed the High Court
into judicial activism to adjudicate matters left open by poor wording
in the text.
The Australian electorate has historically been wary of judicial
activism [2].
Incentives to engage in brinkmanship,
The Voice design combined these qualities: (1) lack of direct power;
(2) lack of substantive responsibilities; (3) open-ended language
around representation powers; (4) power+money+celebrity incentives for
Voice employees/representatives.
Such a combination would have created strong incentive for The Voice
to engage in brinkmanship with the legislature and executive.
Some examples of how such a body could engage in brinkmanship,
Attacks in media. This would resemble the routine attack from
cross-bench senators on government, but with the gravitas of the
attack coming from a branch of government rather than somebody
formally regarded as a non-government member of a minor party.
Deliberately delaying representation. This would serve a similar
role to filibuster in parliament. Potentially, it could be used to
stall government matters for weeks or months.
Claiming rights to give advice on matters only tenuously related
to Indigenous Australians (e.g. borrowing, interest rate
decisions, military bases, energy policy, labour law, Australian
participation in international treaties, Australian votes at the
UN, fisheries) and then - if rebuffed - pursuing their right to
this claim in the High Court.
The greater the scope of the Voice, the more legitimacy the body would
have had for attack and delay. If there had been an agenda to pursue
outcomes beyond the current remit of the Voice - such as reparations -
brinkmanship would have been a source of leverage.
No wind-down condition
Advocates of the voice claim it will /close the gap/. The proposed
wording contains no device to wrap up the body once the gap had been
closed.
With no such provision, it would be near-impossible to remove.
3. Regressive character of the change [4]
One of the founding stories of Australia is /Governor Arthur's
Proclamation to the Aborigines/. An early governor posted in Australia had
an artist paint a series of cartoons to communicate to Indigenous
Australians and English speakers alike that there was one law for all.
This has been taught to young Australians for generations.
Like all humans, Australians are capable of all forms of discrimination.
Nevertheless, there is a clear egalitarian streak through Australian
history.
The growing openness to immigrants from different backgrounds. The
first wave of outsiders were Irish. Later, people from Mediterranean
countries arrived with no English. Then, people from non-western
countries.
Tolerance of different religious ideas. The establishment church of
Britain was the Anglican Church. The wave of Irish immigrants were
mostly Catholic. Later groups came from non-Christian religions. There
has been no history of Jewish persecution in Australia.
Australian parliaments were among the first in the world to extend the
vote to women.
Australians have developed a complex relationship with indigenous
disadvantage. It is obvious that groups of Indigenous Australians lack
good opportunities. This strongly offends the egalitarian spirit. Yet,
there is a now a steady history of failed efforts to address that
disadvantage, and a sense of policy fatigue.
Prime Minister Albanese and other Yes advocates pitched the Voice as a
solution to the offence. But this proposed solution also offends the
spirit of egaligarianism.
The goal of establishing a branch of government which is exclusive to a
racially-selected group within the Australian population - Indigenous
Australians - goes directly against the spirit of Governor Arthur's
Proclamation and the principle of one law for everyone.
In recent years, there has been growing awareness of a mindset that is
called /Intersectionality/ by insiders and /Identity Politics/ by
outsiders. I am an outsider, so will continue to talk about it as Identity
Politics. This mindset emphasises the parts of people's identity that they
have little or no control over - such as their race, religious upbringing
and sexual orientation. The result of this is to reduce emphasis on
individual agency over traditional Western perspectives. [8]
An example of the culture of Identity Politics is in the recent practice
where speakers will say that they "recognise the traditional owners of the
land we are standing on" at the start of ceremonies. It talks about the
traditional owners as a group concept, it emphasises an /us/ and /them/,
and it makes an allusion to grievance.
The Identity Politics mindset has become well-established in universities
and inner-city communities. But the average Australian remains grounded in
egalitarianism, and is suspicious of Identity Politics.
The wording put to referendum was drafted by academics who were steeped in
Identity Politics.
If the proposal had been successful, there would have been a body mandated
by the constitution to be the collective voice of Indigenous Australians.
This would have the effect of de-emphasising the individualism of
Indigenous Australians. Such a move would pull in the opposite direction
to earlier decisions, such as to extend the vote to individual women.
Matter of "bipartisan" support and referendums,
In Australian history, no referendum has passed without bipartisan
support.
On the election broadcasts, talking heads will say that this referendum
failed due to a "lack of bipartisan support". [9]
Certainly, the lack of bipartisanship seems to be a cause of failure in
referendums in Australia. But it is not a root cause.
If Australia wants to cease having dud referendums, its elite must
understand where bipartisanship comes from.
Here, I will explain that the lack of bipartisan support was an inevitable
consequence of the three themes I described above.
It is important to understand that a quirk of the ALP causes it to operate
differently to other parties.
People who wish to join the ALP must sign "the pledge". Among other
things, this commits their loyalty to the party platform.
The party platform is determined by party committees. Some MPs sit in
these committee, but also many more people who do not have seats in
parliament.
The pledge system streamlines party power by limiting the agency of
individual MPs. [5]
Hence, the leader and parliamentary party need to be well organised
and tread carefully around these bodies that make policy. A run-away
conference can hijack the agenda away from the parliamentary party.
This has potential to create a mess for the parliamentary party. [6]
The other parties do not work like this. Their MPs have greater
agency. [7]
The short of this is: the ALP can get their MPs to do what they are told,
and this includes limiting their participation in public debate. This is
only true of the ALP, and it is a trap to think of other parties in this
model. The ALP is the exception.
Constitutional matters are more consequential than legislative matters.
There are non-Labor MPs who will go along with their party on legislative
programs they do not particularly agree with. Those MPs are far less
likely to follow their leadership into a constitutional change they
disagree with.
Hence, for a referendum to be viable, it needs to have the sincere support
of the vast majority of MPs.
To understand the dynamics of non-Labor parties, particularly around
constitutional changes, analysis should focus on the MPs, not on the
parties or the party leadership.
For a constitutional change to get a party's support, the well-connected
inner-city people and the old-timey regional stalwarts must all be on
board. If a substantial group is opposed, that is likely to translate into
a lost referendum.
Let's return our focus to the Indigenous Voice matter.
When the coalition was in power, before the 2022 election, there was
already significant unease across the coalition parties about the concept
of an Indigenous Voice. Members feared that it might have some of the
character of ATSIC, others felt that it was indecent to entrench powers in
the constitution that were linked to a person's race.
Progress on the matter had stalled while they coalition were in
government, despite it having started as a project of that government.
The wording chosen by the Albanese government did not address those
concerns, and created new concerns.
It should have been obvious to anyone with a grounding in Australian
politics that the coalition would oppose that wording.
Imagine the hypothetical where Julian Lesser, Bridget Archer or Ken Wyatt
had been opposition leader and decided that they still supported the
proposition. There is no way that this leader could have dragged the
Liberal party past its concerns about the proposal, much less the National
Party. Such a scenario would have led to that leader being rolled in
favour of a new leader that opposed the measure.
The lack of bipartisanship leading into this referendum was an inevitable
consequence of the flawed proposal.
Anthony Albanese should have predicted the coalition's opposition to the
matter. Perhaps he did, but proceeded under the incorrect assumption that
Australians would support the matter, leaving his team strengthened and
the opposition weakened.
Leadership dynamics of non-Labor parties,
John Howard has said of the Liberal Party, "Leadership of the party is
[...] the unique gift of the party room".
When the parliamentary party directs the party to take a firm position, as
in the matter of the voice, the leader needs to advocate that position.
The principle of cabinet solidarity requires each member of a cabinet to
ensure that their public position on each matter is compatible with the
party position.
The public circumstances of Julian Lesser and Simon Birmingham highlight
the limits.
Julian Lesser supported the voice model. He resigned from the shadow
cabinet once the party took its position, then continued to support a
Yes vote from the backbench.
Simon Birmingham showed sympathy for advocates of the matter without
stating his own position. Once his party had formed a position, he
said he would leave the debate to people with stronger feeling. He
remained in the shadow cabinet, did not participate in the Voice
debate, and continued to perform opposition duties on other matters.
This dynamic is not specific to the Liberal Party. The same is true for
the Nationals and the Greens.
A party will not always take a firm position. For example, the federal
Liberal and National parties did not require a particular stance from
their leadership in the "Republic" matter of 1999.
Notes about past referendums,
The ALP hosts a lot of unsuccessful referendums,
Historically, most referendums have been put by the ALP. Yet all but
one of the ALP-hosted referendums has been defeated.
The successful ALP referendum was "Social Services" in 1946, put by
Prime Minister Chifley. The opposition leader of the time was unhappy
with the drafted wording. He requested some changes, which Chifley
accepted. Even then, Yes secured only 54% of the vote.
Prime Ministers Fisher, Whitlam and Hawke each put referendum
questions without bipartisan support, and all of those referendums
were lost.
Then, Fisher, Whitlam and Hawke each went on to put a second set of
referendum questions later in their term. All of those questions were
also lost.
Hence - watch this space with Albanese.
There have been eight successful referendums held in Australian history,
with all but the Chifley referendum having been hosted by non-Labor
governments.
There is a novelty to the "Republic" matter from 1999.
Out of respect for republican sentiment, Prime Minister Howard held a
constitutional convention, had his team construct a model that he
thought he could live with, and then put that matter to the people.
But then Howard campaigned against the measure.
A third of Howard's cabinet supported the republic, and at least a
quarter of his backbench. Most of the minor parties supported it. It
was endorsed by the ALP. It had a lot of support from big business and
major news outlets, including formal endorsement from some Murdoch
papers.
The matter was defeated in all states.
The bar is high, as it should be for a constitutional change.
History leading up to the referendum campaign,
Australia was inhabited by Indigenous Australians before European
settlement. Original inhabitants lived a nomadic lifestyle and organised
into geographically distinct tribes/nations which had different languages
and traditions.
From 1788, the British settled Australia by establishing several States.
Each State was run by a Governor answerable to the British government.
Settlement was hard on indigenous populations, who had not evolved
defences to European diseases, and who were regarded as outsiders by the
settlers. Indigenous groups lost the use of land to settlers and many
communities were destabilised.
The Constitution of Australia came into force at the start of 1901. This
settlement can be seen as a hybrid of the British and US constitutional
settlements. Like the British system, it has a Westminster parliament and
a British common law tradition. Like the US system, it is a federation of
pre-existing states with a writen constitution.
Section 51 of the Australian constitution outlines federal powers, with
other powers staying with the states ("reserved powers"). Each state
retains its own constitution, has its own parliament.
There are some parts of Australia that are not covered by States - these
are Territories. The federal government administers these areas, generally
through local parliaments.
Unlike the US constitution, the Australian constitution is not a symbolic
document. It is concerned with mechanism, and is not written in flowery
language. Also, Australia has no bill-of-rights.
Australia has a system of compulsory voting, where all resident adult
citizens are expected to be registered on the electoral role, and to vote.
Ths history of Indigenous voting rights are complicated, and inconsistent
between parliaments. In South Australia, indigenous Australians had voting
rights in the late nineteenth century. In some situations in Western
Australia, indigenous Australians did not get full voting rights until
1971. At the federal level, all adults could vote from 1962, but some
could vote earlier than that (if they had votes at the state level or
military service), yet federal voting was not compulsory until 1983.
The Australian constitution can be changed through a referendum.
Parliament proposes a change. To be successful, the proposed change must
be approved by at least 50% of all voters, and the populations of more
than half of the six states.
Through the life of the Australian Constitution, governments have proposed
44 changes, with only eight being approved by voters.
Only referendums with the bipartisan support of the major parties have
succeeded.
Most of Australia's population is concentrated on the coasts, where it is
a western country with a developed economy, good services and high living
standards.
In central Australia, things are different, particularly for Australians
with indigenous heritage. There is widespread sexual abuse of women and
children, lawlessness, empty schools, terrible housing, bad health, high
rates of incarceration, early death. At times, these areas resemble a
failed state.
These problems go far back, at least to the 1960s.
Australians use the phrase /closing the gap/ when they talk about
addressing this.
The original wording of Section 51 of the constitution limited the federal
government's powers to make policy that targeted indigenous people who
were located in states.
A referendum in 1967 made two changes. (1) It gave the federal government
powers to create legislation to target indigenous Australians living in
states. (2) It extend the government's census responsibility to include
indigenous Australians. The referendum was sold to the public through the
spirit of egalitarianism.
In the decades since, the federal government has funded programs intended
to close the gap.
This has been unsuccessful. Despite high spending and many advisory
bodies, in recent times circumstances in central Australia have declined.
In 1984, the Pintupi Nine made contact with relatives near Alice Springs,
in central Australia. This was a group of Indigenous Australians who had
no prior knowledge of European settlement. They had been based in the
remote Gibson Desert region, and were in superb health. It is remarkable
that there were people in Australia as late as the 1980s who, with good
cause, had no knowledge of the commonwealth.
Over the years there have been attempts to create federal bodies through
legislation that would allow Indigenous Australians to advise on policy,
and in some cases to implement some policy. The most prominent was ATSIC
(1990-2005), whose operation was overshadowed by corruption scandals. The
closure of ATSIC had bipartisan support.
In late 1999, Australians participated in a referendum concerning two
matters. The first, that Australia should become a republic, was defeated.
The second proposed the addition of a symbolic 'preamble' to the
constitution. A poet had drafted these words, which contained a clause to
honour Indigenous Australians. Despite there being no formal campaign
against the preamble, that proposal received even less support than the
republic proposal, and was defeated.
In 2015, the federal government started a process to recognise Indigenous
Australians in the constitution. This led to the formation of a committee,
the Referendum Council.
In 2017, that group published a petition, the "Uluru Statement from the
Heart". The text of the statement asks for "a First Nations Voice
enshrined in the Constitution".
There was debate within the government about the model. Members of
government had first-principle reservations about measures that had been
requested and also judged they would be unacceptable to Australian voters.
In parallel to this, various state governments have been engaged in
distinct processes to create /treaties/ between state governments and
indigenous groups.
Also in parallel, there is a running scandal where prominent authors,
academics and politicians are revealed to have falsely claimed indigenous
heritage as part of their brand. [3]
A federal election in 2022 caused a change of government.
In his election night speech in 2022, incoming Prime Minister Anthony
Albanese recognised the Uluru Statement and committed to a "voice
enshrined in our constitution".
Albanese met with some of the authors of the Uluru document and through
this settled on a wording for a proposed constitutional change, to be
approved by referendum.
The chosen wording would mandate a new body, The Indigenous Voice. It
would be a new branch-of-government (this may be disputed by advocates of
the model), presumably based in the national capital Canberra. The Voice
powers would be to make representations to the executive and legislature
on matters affecting indigenous Australians.
The wording was released about six months before the vote, and there were
distinct campaign committees supporting the Yes and No position since
then.
Jurists who had previously been supporters of the concept of a Voice were
critical of the choice of words as being too-broad.
The government chose not to incorporate feedback. Parliament voted to take
the unaltered words to referendum.
Wording submitted to the electorate,
Chapter IX Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice
In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the
First Peoples of Australia:
1. There shall be a body, to be called the Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander Voice;
2. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make
representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the
Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples;
3. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to
make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions,
powers and procedures.
==
:1 From Wikipedia, "Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy holding that
the courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader
societal implications of its decisions. It is sometimes used as an antonym of
judicial restraint." Where a constitutional matter or law is pivotal to a
court matter, and where that wording is unclear, the situation forces a judge
to serve a tie-break. We should look to the US settlement as an example of how
this degenerates and why to avoid it - judges becoming unelected legislators.
partisan politicisation of their highest court. It is my view that judicial
activism is the root of the spiralling political unease in the US.
:2 The Australian electorate is wary of judicial activism [2]. Over a long
period the ALP tried to introduce forms of a Bill of Rights into the Australia
constitution, with each effort being unsuccessful. The last of these efforts
was the 1988 "Rights and Freedoms" referendum, which secured a Yes vote of
barely more than 30% - the lowest vote of support for a referendum in
Australian history. In the aftermath of that, a senior Labor official
indicated that the party would abandon such projects.
:3 At the time of writing, Bruce Pascoe's Wikipedia page shows the truth of
his aboriginal heritage to be a matter of debate, despite there being
objective evidence that he does not have that heritage. By moving emphasis
from real ancestry to "community recognition", activists have created a
device through which like-minded individuals can be sanctioned into indigenous
heritage, whilst people with real heritage can be marginalised. During the
campaign, Yes supporters attempted to deplatform indigenous No campaigners
with the label of "coconut" (black on the outside, white on the inside). This
sort of attack is the other half of the sanctioning device.
:4 In the course of discussing these matters with others, I noticed an
interesting pattern around this point. Some well-to-do people instinctively
reject this from consideration, yet show discomfort when they struggle to
explain why they reject it. Perhaps they sense it to be a form of provincial
thinking. If you find yourself having this reaction also, blink a few times,
read it with an open mind, and then consider it against on its merits in the
context of this paper: why was the referendum lost?
:5 This includes ministers. The next time you find yourself reviewing a
decision taken by an ALP minister and asking yourself, "why on earth would an
intelligent and well-briefed minister do that?!", go to the ALP website and
review the party platform document. The pledge elevates party loyalty above
other considerations.
:6 At the ALP conference earlier this year, there was an accommodation between
activists and the parliamentary party on AUKUS and on Israel. These are both
issues where the party activists have deeply held feelings that do not align
with public opinion. The team tasked with talking down the activists may have
been assisted in this by being able to remind activists that Albanese was
running an ambitious referendum for an Indigenous Voice.
:7 The Australian Democrats were a special-case also, with the party having
some formal role.
:8 Some commentators have awkwardly referred to Identity Politics as /Cultural
Marxism/. It is not Marxism. But there are striking parallels. Like Marxism,
it frames human activity through an oppressing-group/oppressed-group
worldview. Both Marxism and Identity Politics built a base within the social
sciences departments of universities, and both struggled to gain respect in
mainstream Western societies. There are differences also. Marxism extends from
plainly from written works by Marx and Engels. Identity Politics is more
nebulous.
:9 A late update - there is an examples of this reasoning in The Weekend
Australian edition published on 14 October. That paper quotes reluctant voice
advocate Greg Craven,
"The fundamental problem was the bipartisanship. I mean, as we're seeing
in spades now, no modern referendum can win without bipartisanship. And
the more controversial it is, the more that's required."
"I think the truth is that the Prime Minister went about it in such a way
that it would be impossible there would be bipartisanship and the only
question would be, was that intentional or accidental?"
"It seems to me there's a good argument that this was meant to be a
crowning Labor achievement and to that extent, you know, bipartisanship
was almost undesirable. And I think the moment that happened, the
referendum was doomed because you've had a very effective No case and at
the heart of that has been the Liberal Party's opposition."
To reiterate, I disagree with his statement that lack of bipartisanship was
fundamental. The fundamental problems are the three themes described at the
top of this paper. Lack of bipartisanship was an inevitable symptom of those
themes.